tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62134356014463132282024-03-13T15:57:45.945+07:00Serambi Informasi Penginderaan JauhUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-80875215580533340672014-11-16T19:38:00.001+07:002014-11-16T20:06:40.222+07:00Pemanfaatan data penginderaan jauh untuk evaluasi desertifikasi batuan karst di Gunungsewu<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">(disarikan
dari naskah asli penulis yang dipresentasikan di PIT I</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">katan Geograf Indonesia
(IGI)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> XVII 2014, 15</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Nopember 2014 dengan
judul <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Evaluasi laju desertifikasi batuan
pada bentang lahan karst Gunungsewu melalui penginderaan jauh)</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perkembangan luas
singkapan batuan karst merupakan tanda terjadinya proses desertifikasi batuan
pada bentang lahan karst (Silakan baca : <a href="http://karstgunungsewu.blogspot.com/2013/07/desertifikasi-batuan-karst.html" target="_blank">Desertifikasi Batuan Karst</a>). Proses desertifikasi batuan karst yang berkelanjutan di
Gunungsewu dapat memberikan dampak negatif yang berupa degradasi lingkungan
seperti hilangnya air sungai bawah tanah dan banjir bandang di permukaan. Oleh
karena itu laju proses desertifikasi ini perlu dipantau dan dievaluasi. Laju
desertifikasi yang ditandai oleh bertambahnya singkapan karst dapat terrekam
dengan baik melalui data penginderaan jauh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Data pokok dalam penelitian ini adalah serangkaian citra
Landsat 7 ETM+ dan citra Landsat 8 OLI yang diperoleh dari USGS. Data citra
terdiri dari Citra Landsat 7 ETM+ bulan Juni tahun 2000, bulan Agustus tahun
2001, Agustus tahun 2002 dan bulan Agustus tahun 2014 pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">path</i> 119 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">row</i> 066. <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Saluran yang digunakan adalah saluran biru <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu band 1 pada Landsat 7 ETM+ atau band 2
pada Landsat 8 OLI, saluran inframerah dekat yaitu band 4 pada Landsat 7 ETM+
atau band 5 pada Landsat 8 OLI, dan saluran inframerah tengah yaitu band 7 pada
Lansat 7 ETM+ dan Landsat 8. Saluran multi spektral 741 dibentuk dari citra Landsat
7 ETM+ dan multi spektral 752 dari citra Landsat 8 OLI. Pada masing-masing
citra multispektral tersebut dilakukan proses <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">equalization enhancement</i> agar diperoleh visualisasi citra dengan
kondisi yang sama antar tahun citra.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tnpzkFZi-h9_zwkODY_0itB1wfMJw9pragtpHi3nMt9K_R4gABk2mWW97rHOnK13zCslIT-RbEu4g7d6yhqqE8KW2J1sIIrJRqsxRRGqhPXPnO3gz0AQHeqSK3iy-ZcfKts_MsBZr-g/s1600/multispektraldesertifikasi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5tnpzkFZi-h9_zwkODY_0itB1wfMJw9pragtpHi3nMt9K_R4gABk2mWW97rHOnK13zCslIT-RbEu4g7d6yhqqE8KW2J1sIIrJRqsxRRGqhPXPnO3gz0AQHeqSK3iy-ZcfKts_MsBZr-g/s1600/multispektraldesertifikasi.jpg" height="386" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Citra multi spektral ini digunakan sebagai dasar
interpretasi dan pembuatan acuan klasifikasi. Jenis klasifikasi yang digunakan
adalah klasifikasi beracuan dengan metode <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">minimum
distance classification</i>. Kelas klasifikasi yang digunakan adalah tutupan
vegetasi, tanah terbuka, karst bertutupan tanah tipis, dan singkapan karst. Identifikasi
dari masing-masing kelas klasifikasi dibantu dengan menggunakan citra NDVI dan
interpretasi visual pada citra yang diunggah oleh google melalui situs </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="http://wikimapia.org/"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://wikimapia.org</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> serta aplikasi googleearth. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -2.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Analisis spasial statistik dilakukan terhadap citra hasil
klasifikasi untuk mengetahui kecenderungan perkembangan dari masing-masing
jenis klasifikasi. Hasil analisis ini diwujudkan dalam bentuk citra, tabel,
grafik dan deskribsi penjelasannya. <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah klasifikasi beracuan dengan
dibantu analisis spektral melalui NDVI, dan interpretasi multi tingkat melalui
citra google. </span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZcB6mPBc3lEhRlmh6QZQCiBgA9E5VhwRVKYIjE5Z1pC2aFSQuOq8yvW1lIRbFYKzJ1a_n8Ogi2aWHEDdNuuuFhzP7iqBTpgPBS7FB1ruSsgNAtty4jxGJN83MjSerbJIbQyS8Dz5k7I/s1600/klasifikasidesertifikasi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZcB6mPBc3lEhRlmh6QZQCiBgA9E5VhwRVKYIjE5Z1pC2aFSQuOq8yvW1lIRbFYKzJ1a_n8Ogi2aWHEDdNuuuFhzP7iqBTpgPBS7FB1ruSsgNAtty4jxGJN83MjSerbJIbQyS8Dz5k7I/s1600/klasifikasidesertifikasi.jpg" height="400" width="345" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kajian ini menyimpulkan
bahwa aplikasi data penginderaan jauh dan teknik klasifikasi beracuan
berbantuan NDVI serta interpretasi multi tingkat memberikan hasil yang baik. </span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
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mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
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<![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-font-kerning: .5pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Grafik perkembangan luas singkapan batuan karst di daerah penelitian (m<sup>2</sup>)</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kajian
ini juga memberikan temuan bahwa <span style="color: red;"><u><b>telah terjadi proses desertifikasi batuan
karst di wilayah Gunungsewu dengan luasan yang terus meningkat dari tahun ke
tahun</b></u></span>. <i>Akankah hal ini kita biarkan .....?????</i></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-68424950227152458122014-11-10T23:08:00.001+07:002014-11-10T23:12:28.227+07:00Obtaining information from a satellite image data<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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image data is a collection of information about the earth’s surface. The
information is represented in the form of series of digital numbers. If it is
displayed on the computer screen will show a spatial picture of the earth. Maybe
we can get some information by looking at the display. But at other times, it
may take a digital processing to obtain such information. This is especially
necessary if the analysis is based on the digital value of the image. The
information can also be obtained through the analysis of the temporal image,
such as land use change analysis. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgglSf_oiymsjxnZnHnYreDaJY94rhDXlz3K2GbsBLxzDc7GCxOXnITtiW4voAb3xT43-ZsadqEBK66-WKp-a0wAuXN4IikFI9CmNiaN0BEbCJtKqlRj4jRIyi58OpJ93H10T1XytwUG6s/s1600/bengawansolo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgglSf_oiymsjxnZnHnYreDaJY94rhDXlz3K2GbsBLxzDc7GCxOXnITtiW4voAb3xT43-ZsadqEBK66-WKp-a0wAuXN4IikFI9CmNiaN0BEbCJtKqlRj4jRIyi58OpJ93H10T1XytwUG6s/s1600/bengawansolo.jpg" height="320" width="315" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Part of the ancient Bengawan Solo from Landsat 8 OLI band 431</td></tr>
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description above gives an understanding of the multiple ways to get information
from satellite image data. Briefly, the acquisition of information from an
optical image data can be done through an analysis based on :</span></div>
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characteristics</span></div>
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characteristics</span></div>
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characteristics include frequency, reflection dan emission properties. Spatial
characteristics include shape and size of the object on the earth surface, view
angle of the sensors, texture, site, distribution, etc. Temporal
characteristics include change in time and position. </span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-43479827457306613612014-11-10T05:30:00.002+07:002014-11-10T08:49:52.115+07:00Atmosfer bumi tidak selamanya transparan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kalau kita
melihat ke angkasa, nampak beberapa bagian jernih kebiruan sementara sebagian
lainnya mungkin tertutup awan. Keadaan seperti itu adalah satu contoh bahwa
atmosfer bumi tidak selalu dalam keadaan transparan. Apa yang kita lihat diangkasa
tersebut adalah satu bagian dari efek ruang panjang gelombang yang terganggu
oleh berbagai gangguan atmosferik seperti awan tadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Transparansi
atmosfer sangat penting dipahami dalam penginderaan jauh. Transparansi atmosfer
ini dalam penginderaan jauh dipahami sebagai jendela atmosfer (dalam tulisan
ini selanjutnya saya akan menggunakan istilah jendela atmosfer). Jika di
angkasa kita lihat ada awan, itu artinya bahwa perjalanan cahaya (lebih
tepatnya adalah gelombang elektromagnetik) sebagian “terhalang” oleh awan itu. Terhalang
di sini dalam konsep penginderaan jauh dipahami dengan peristiwa penyerapan
atau hamburan dari gelombang elektromagnetik tersebut . Gelombang
elektromagnetik sebagian diserap oleh partikel air, uap air atau kristal es dan
lain-lainnya (silakan baca : <a href="http://infoinderaja.blogspot.com/2014/11/partikel-atmosfer-yang-dapat.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Partikel atmosferik yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas citra satelit</b></a>) untuk
penguapan. Sebagian lagi dihamburkan karena secara alamiah gelombang elektromagnetik dapat terpantul secara acak oleh partikel-partikel atmosferik
tersebut. Oleh karena itu gelombang elektromagnetik yang datang dari sumbernya
(matahari) ataupun yang kembali menuju sensor tidak seluruhnya dapat mencapai
tujuan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Peristiwa
langit yang berwarna biru itu adalah bukti bahwa telah terjadi penghamburan
panjang gelombang biru oleh molekul-molekul rayleigh. Hamburan ini terjadi pada
lapisan awan tinggi karena keberadaan molekul rayleigh tersebut berada pada
lapisan awan yang tinggi (silakan baca : <a href="http://infoinderaja.blogspot.com/2014/11/gangguan-atmosferik-yang-berpengaruh.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Gangguan atmosferik yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas citra satelit</b></a>).
Sementara itu, jika terdapat awan, maka awan terlihat putih. Hal ini
dikarenakan oleh hamburan oleh partikel awan secara acak terhadap seluruh
panjang gelombang tampak (biru hingga merah). Hamburan ini dikenal dengan istilah hamburan non selektif (non selective scattering), dimana seluruh panjang gelombang dengan "tidak pandang bulu" akan dihamburkan oleh partikel awan tersebut. Akibatnya seluruh panjang
gelombang itu membaur dan memberikan efek warna putih di mata kita. Sebaliknya, jika partikel awan terdiri dari uap air yang memiliki ukuran butir lebih besar jadi panjangnya sebuah gelombang elektromagnetik seperti embun atau kristal es, maka yang terjadi adalah proses penyerapan. Sebagian besar gelombang elektromagnetik tersebut akan diserap sehingga tidak ada yang berhasil menembus awan tersebut. Efek yang terlihat oleh mata kita adalah gumpalan warna hitam seperti mendung di angkasa yang sering kita lihat itu.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8qTd6G_qEXHFEsMkfaPE2Go1D8UzY3eW06qfYZpa_SgOHUsdUIa7NeX2qjHtnR0aQMtBq7d7U4-t6R5wdVwd1Vr2PB6ut8NMEWWqR-wiC74LIYZ-XNchKUiZGYFrKT8Fgl5r-9M0S4Kw/s1600/jendelaatm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8qTd6G_qEXHFEsMkfaPE2Go1D8UzY3eW06qfYZpa_SgOHUsdUIa7NeX2qjHtnR0aQMtBq7d7U4-t6R5wdVwd1Vr2PB6ut8NMEWWqR-wiC74LIYZ-XNchKUiZGYFrKT8Fgl5r-9M0S4Kw/s1600/jendelaatm.jpg" height="238" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sumber gambar : Liang, 2002</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jendela
atmosfer dalam konsep penginderaan jauh tidak terbatas pada rentang panjang
gelombang tampak seperti uraian di atas, namun diperluas hingga mencapai
rentang gelombang infra merah jauh dan radar. Dalam rentang yang panjang
tersebut, uap air, karbon dioksida dan oksigen merupakan agen utama “penghalang”
perjalanan panjang gelombang. Uap air adalah agen penghalang dominan dibanyak
tempat seperti pada kisaran panjang gelombang 1400nm, 1800nm, dan 2500nm. Pada kisaran
tersebut atmosfer tidak dapat tertembus karena panjang gelombang terserap oleh
uap air tersebut. Gas CO2 dominan sebagai penghalang pada kisaran 1,4µm dan 2µm.
Pada kisaran tersebut panjang gelombang mengalami gangguan sehingga tidak dapat
mencapai permukaan bumi secara keseluruhan. Sementara itu, pada gelombang
pendek (Ultra Violet / UV) permukaan bumi dilindungi oleh Ozone (O3) (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Subhanallah....., sungguh segala
penciptaan-Mu tidak ada yang sia-sia</i>). </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Setiap
satelit selalu memanfaatkan celah atmosfer tersebut untuk perolehan datanya.
Beberapa sensor satelit seperti MODIS bahkan menggunakan rentang-rentang yang
sempit yang dipilih pada celah-celah jendela atmofer tersebut sehingga
diperoleh suatu citra hiperspektral. Sementara itu citra satelit seri Landsat menggunakan
jendela atmosfer pada panjang gelombang tampak hingga sedikit perluasannya hingga
infra merah thermal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Liang, S.,
2002. Atmospheric correction of optical remote sensed imagery. Bhan presentasi
pada APEIS Capacity Building Workshop on Integrated Environmental Monitoring of
Asia-Pacific Region. Beijing. China.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-60054743579463435882014-11-09T16:39:00.002+07:002014-11-10T04:55:05.628+07:00Landsat 8 OLI Digital Number (DN) to Top of Atmosphere (TOA) Reflectance<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Landsat 8 OLI acquire land surface
information and store it as a Digital Number (DN) with a range between 0 and
255. This DN must be converted TOA reflectance values first, before being used
for identification of surface features of the earth. Reflectance is the
proportion of the radiation striking a surface to the radiation reflected off
of it. Landsat 8 OLI Digital Number can be converted to TOA reflectance values
using standard formulation used by the USGS. The formula is as follows : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ρλ<sup>'</sup></span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> = <i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">M<sub>ρ</sub>Q<sub>cal</sub></span></i> +
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A<sub>ρ</sub></span></i></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ρλ<sup>'</sup></span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
TOA reflectance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">M<sub>ρ</sub> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:
Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A<sub>ρ </sub></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Band-specific additive rescaling factor</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Q<sub>cal</sub></span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Digital number</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Band-specific multiplicative
rescaling factor and additive rescaling factor can be referred from metadata
file (MTL file) of the image. For example, i use the metadata of Landsat 8 OLI
of Gunungsewu area. ID image that i use is </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">LC81190662014235LGN00. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Q-h6560XJC_te9uP6M0Y0B1J2zFKjxzDuOnem9rOVHhDaodQDnPjop5UORQnx-RY4yNGOuuyWEvP7gBdtSgMWhkq9HU2LKodPdD2F2ZWo8RkylP8FL6kjtFHhhGLmnJvCYYcpMb_o0o/s1600/gunungsewu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Q-h6560XJC_te9uP6M0Y0B1J2zFKjxzDuOnem9rOVHhDaodQDnPjop5UORQnx-RY4yNGOuuyWEvP7gBdtSgMWhkq9HU2LKodPdD2F2ZWo8RkylP8FL6kjtFHhhGLmnJvCYYcpMb_o0o/s1600/gunungsewu.jpg" height="296" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">You can get it through earthexplorer.usgs.gov (see : <b><a href="http://infoinderaja.blogspot.com/2014/10/how-to-get-landsat-8-oli.html">How to get Landsat 8 OLI</a></b>
). In the metadata file contained the following information </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_1
= 2.0000E-05</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_2
= 2.0000E-05</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_3
= 2.0000E-05</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_4
= 2.0000E-05</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_5
= 2.0000E-05</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_6
= 2.0000E-05</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_7
= 2.0000E-05</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_8
= 2.0000E-05</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_9
= 2.0000E-05</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_1
= -0.100000</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_2
= -0.100000</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_3
= -0.100000</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_4
= -0.100000</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_5
= -0.100000</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_6
= -0.100000</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_7
= -0.100000</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_8
= -0.100000</span></div>
<div class="MsoPlainText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New";">REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_9
= -0.100000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The upper group are band-specific
multiplicative rescaling factor of each band, and others are band-specific
additive rescaling factor of each band. Subsequently apply these values in the
above formula through image processing device. </span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-15982984900971833182014-11-09T10:20:00.001+07:002014-11-09T16:41:22.802+07:00Gangguan atmosferik yang berpengaruh terhadap kualitas citra satelit<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Citra satelit pada dasarnya
adalah rekaman energi gelombang elektromagnetik yang berasal dari muka bumi.
Namun demikian, nilai energi yang terrekam oleh sensor bukan semata-mata energi
yang mencirikan suatu obyek secara langsung. Nilai energi yang terrekam
tersebut adalah nilai energi di atas atmosfer (top of atmosphere / TOA). Nilai
energi yang diwujudkan menjadi nilai spektral pada sebuah piksel adalah
kombinasi dari energi yang berasal dari berbagai obyek pemantul atau pemancar
di bawah sensor. Kombinasi energi tersebut dapat berupa kombinasi energi yang
berasal dari tempat atau obyek lain (seperti benda disekitarnya) atau pantulan
dan pancaran dari partikel atmosfer itu sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Selama dalam perjalanannya menuju
permukaan bumi dan saat terpantul menuju sensor, energi elektromagnetik
mendapatkan gangguan di atmosfer. Gangguan tersebut secara garis besar berupa
serapan dan hamburan oleh partikel atmosfer yang berupa serapan benda gas, molekul-molekul,
dan hamburan aerosol (Vermote dan Vermeulen, 1999). Liang (2002) menjelaskan
bahwa benda-benda gas yang dimaksud tersebut adalah uap air, ozone (O<sub>3</sub>),
karbon dioksida (CO2) serta gas-gas lainnya (baca: <b><a href="http://infoinderaja.blogspot.com/2014/11/partikel-atmosfer-yang-dapat.html">Partikel atmosfer yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas data citra satelit</a></b>). Hamburan molekular sering disebut
dengan hamburan Rayleigh. Sedangkan hamburan aerosol berasal dari
partikel-partikel atmosfer seperti debu yang memiliki ukuran lebih besar dari
panjang gelombang. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_yppj-VvAvp_zZtTYNxBTDyHBQZRsqliB9BEZK1nxDJhfCPwUbh415RdS9GVY4eBY6J9yWA9mCYdGI_3WNVixnHCncYgViFTLoG8-UqQWli5FIZ3GT-7tZxVgvKPUO3zMhJStr-Rs6qs/s1600/emr1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_yppj-VvAvp_zZtTYNxBTDyHBQZRsqliB9BEZK1nxDJhfCPwUbh415RdS9GVY4eBY6J9yWA9mCYdGI_3WNVixnHCncYgViFTLoG8-UqQWli5FIZ3GT-7tZxVgvKPUO3zMhJStr-Rs6qs/s1600/emr1.jpg" height="320" width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sumber gambar : <span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vermote dan Vermeulen, 1999</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serapan gas dan hamburan molekul
relatif stabil dan tidak bervariasi secara temporal, sedangkan hamburan aerosol
cenderung bervariasi secara temporal (Dash dkk, 2006). Oleh karena itu koreksi
terhadap faktor hamburan aerosol sering menjadi lebih sulit dibandingkan dengan
faktor molekul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gangguan atmosferik ini tidak
hanya terjadi pada rentang panjang gelombang tampak (visible) tetapi juga
terjadi pada julat infra merah termal (TIR). Gangguan pada julat TIR banyak
disebabkan oleh terutama oleh serapan dan pancaran dari karbon dioksida (CO<sub>2</sub>),
Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), dan uap air (Meier dkk, 2011). Gangguan atmosferik pada
julat ini dapat mengakibatkan bias data hingga mencapai seribu satuan termal.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sumber :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dash, S. K., Tanaka, T., Tateishi,
R., 2006. Two viewing theory on atmosphere correction in ocean color algorithm.
Remote sensing and earth sciences. Vol. 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Liang, S.,
2002. Atmospheric correction of optical remote sensed imagery. Bhan presentasi
pada APEIS Capacity Building Workshop on Integrated Environmental Monitoring of
Asia-Pacific Region. Beijing. China.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Meier, F., Scherer,D.,
Richters, J., and Christen, A., 2011. Atmospheric correction of
thermal-infrared imagery of the 3-D urban environment acquired in oblique
viewing geometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 909–922. doi:10.5194/amt-4-909-2011.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vermote, E., F., <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Vermeulen, A., 1999. Atmospheric
correction algorithm: spectral reflectances (MOD09) Version 4.0., NASA contract
NAS5-96062</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-59345030924565500372014-11-08T17:12:00.001+07:002014-11-08T17:29:36.107+07:00Partikel atmosfer yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas data citra satelit<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Keberadaan
partikel-partikel atmosferik sangat penting diperhatikan dalam penginderaan
jauh. Akumulasi partikel di atmosfer memberikan pengaruh pada kualitas sebuah
data citra satelit. Partikel-partikel atmosferik tersebut ada yang bersifat
permanen, namun ada pula yang bersifat berubah-ubah. Berikut adalah beberapa
partikel – partikel “penghuni” atmosfer bumi. Kelompok pertama merupakan
partikel yang bersifat permanen, sedangkan kelompok kedua merupakan partikel
yang keberadaanya tidak menentu. Angka yang saya tulis dibelakangnya adalah
perkiraan persentase jumlahnya di atmosfer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>78. 084 <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>20.
948 <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="color: red;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Argon (Ar) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.934
<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.033
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Neon (Ne) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>18.18 x 10<sup>-4</sup><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Helium (He) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5.24 x 10<sup>-4</sup><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Krypton (Kr) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.14 x 10<sup>-4</sup><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Xenon (Xe) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.089 x 10<sup>-4</sup><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>0.5
x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>)<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1.5
x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nitrous Oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.27 x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Carbon Monoxide (CO) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.19
x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Water Vapor (H<sub>2</sub>O) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0. 04</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>12 x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>)<sup>b</sup><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.001 x
10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.001
x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.001 x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nitric oxide (NO) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.0005 x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>0.00005
x 10<sup>-4</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Partikel-partikel
atmosferik tersebut memberikan pengaruh terhadap perjalanan gelombang
elektromagnetik menuju sensor satelit. Selain itu, partikel tersebut juga
mempengaruhi jumlah energi yang mampu kembali ke sensor. Baca artikel ini <a href="http://infoinderaja.blogspot.com/2014/09/hamburan-partikel-atmosferik.html"><b>hamburan partikel atmosferik</b></a>.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgniTNon-1BgFdlleBLkF9rX7_ZqPR_8GpdGkEIoFS32eD1Q6A6CcPsqC_a2vD4lDuJzQnJedZvOXHqs2rI0IiEVBvqqvY_79UpS9TxUhqqA_3vQlhyphenhyphenxSsWT4v92ZZ_KYwelXl3pbsKk4Y/s1600/EMR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgniTNon-1BgFdlleBLkF9rX7_ZqPR_8GpdGkEIoFS32eD1Q6A6CcPsqC_a2vD4lDuJzQnJedZvOXHqs2rI0IiEVBvqqvY_79UpS9TxUhqqA_3vQlhyphenhyphenxSsWT4v92ZZ_KYwelXl3pbsKk4Y/s1600/EMR.jpg" height="308" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perjalanan gelombang elektromagnetik menuju sensor satelit. Sumber gambar : Moreno, 2007</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagai contoh,
sekumpulan uap air akan dapat menutupi area di bawahnya, sehingga tidak nampak
pada citra. Uap air yang tipis juga sering membuat data visual citra nampak kurang
jelas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dalam
pemanfaatan data citra, pengaruh partikel atmosferik tersebut dapat dikurangi
dengan menggunakan algoritma-algoritma koreksi atmosferik. </span><br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Moreno,
J., 2007. Atmospheric Corrections and parameter retrieval.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lecture D1lb2. Advanced training course on
land remote sensing</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Landsat
8 OLI imagery can be downloaded for free via <a href="http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/">earthexplorer.usgs.gov</a>. You must login
first to get it. Find your location by scrolling and enlarging the existing
image on the right side of the web. Make sure the location that you want is
right. Mark these location by clicking one of the points of the site. For example,
I searched for image of Gunungsewu in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta
Province, Indonesia. I click on a place in the area of Gunungsewu depicted in
the web image. A red symbol will appear and the location coordinate will appear
in the box on the left.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGdjUddNXFvLDCjs_L2frH_Om8U-XmyEfyx2eVWl2wvTq_hjkqvQm0JItWH1yhLSiYZ8tqASmo2E8lJrpSlqUHBNqGw2crSZBqbdDdb1X4-z0QwUZsQBrne4oxhxaSG6tkG5HKTyUmtpE/s1600/areasample.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGdjUddNXFvLDCjs_L2frH_Om8U-XmyEfyx2eVWl2wvTq_hjkqvQm0JItWH1yhLSiYZ8tqASmo2E8lJrpSlqUHBNqGw2crSZBqbdDdb1X4-z0QwUZsQBrne4oxhxaSG6tkG5HKTyUmtpE/s1600/areasample.jpg" height="281" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A red mark appear on the web image</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjETAOfeba9TFq5wKo2emX-4jWRIj2nkj1CYBMn76uP5kqmWmvaE2yInMIjLnTZSXFltWW8Z83iDZ0cPxy03IlOSEuT5mOXEglNfvaXdMRcY91kyQXILbsl4KQ33mQ9M463ftJJUatYcNI/s1600/KOORDINAT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjETAOfeba9TFq5wKo2emX-4jWRIj2nkj1CYBMn76uP5kqmWmvaE2yInMIjLnTZSXFltWW8Z83iDZ0cPxy03IlOSEuT5mOXEglNfvaXdMRcY91kyQXILbsl4KQ33mQ9M463ftJJUatYcNI/s1600/KOORDINAT.jpg" height="123" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The location coordinate of the mark</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Next,
specify the time range of the desired image retrieval in the field below. Click
the Data Set button below it. Select Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS or Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS Pre-WRS-2
on the choice of Landsat Archives. Click the Result button below it. Earthexplorer
will find the data you want. The data that match with the criteria will appear.
Select the best data as desired and click Download Option button. Download
option box will appear, choose the most appropriate to your needs. Click on the
download button to download it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The capacity
of the data may be very large. Speed up your internet access will determine the
download time. Congratulation.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-4164095810815379632014-10-30T23:15:00.000+07:002014-10-31T10:49:18.167+07:00Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Landsat 8 OLI satellite is an advanced programme of Landsat 7
ETM+ . The Landsat 8 OLI imagery has 11 bands which are ranges form 400 nm to
1300 nm. Splitting of each band is depicted below</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5k6ZVBq7knx8FOhGDR7bNqT7IlV1ibcKzKSMa_gSikaDzURwNVxk0cayzOFkidluCyZRPcyrQAjD_rXTb1sQgJ5cdQYqJ5ExBr9wYfadftxRi5nWxwON45100pmP2YbBlzvCpwn5I1OU/s1600/Landsat8OLIband.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5k6ZVBq7knx8FOhGDR7bNqT7IlV1ibcKzKSMa_gSikaDzURwNVxk0cayzOFkidluCyZRPcyrQAjD_rXTb1sQgJ5cdQYqJ5ExBr9wYfadftxRi5nWxwON45100pmP2YbBlzvCpwn5I1OU/s1600/Landsat8OLIband.jpg" height="296" width="640" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span>Source : <a href="http://landsat.usgs.gov/L8_band_combos.php">http://landsat.usgs.gov/L8_band_combos.php</a>
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<br />
The image are available to <a href="http://infoinderaja.blogspot.com/2014/10/how-to-get-landsat-8-oli.html">download</a> freely. You can use Earthexplorer or Glovis to get it. </div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-40131086412292738652014-10-01T09:51:00.000+07:002014-10-01T10:16:56.297+07:00Metode Karakterisasi Morfologi Cekungan Karst Gunungsewu Menggunakan Data GDEM ASTER<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="Section1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Data utama dalam penelitian ini adalah citra GDEM ASTER yang
diperoleh dari earthexplorer.usgs.gov. Data GDEM Aster ditampilkan dan diolah
dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Global Mapper 11. Citra GDEM ASTER kawasan
karst Gunungsewu dibagi menjadi beberapa unit analisis dengan dasar kemiripan
tektural hasil operasi slope shader.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiQBip3w4B39Y05uM248iuBOyG_VdZ9Kbg_XGELQDZ44cGm4oeM7SkfJfDZKEOrzZWG8ZIRWS_IH6e8_XBPfRlREfYY91ykCzfEMwmc5hFRRtmLE9oNvcpcE9WAvudveJSxyqTzki9Ps/s1600/teksturgunungsewu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiQBip3w4B39Y05uM248iuBOyG_VdZ9Kbg_XGELQDZ44cGm4oeM7SkfJfDZKEOrzZWG8ZIRWS_IH6e8_XBPfRlREfYY91ykCzfEMwmc5hFRRtmLE9oNvcpcE9WAvudveJSxyqTzki9Ps/s1600/teksturgunungsewu.jpg" height="296" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Unit analisis (U) didasarkan kemiripan tekstural slope shader</span></i></b></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span></i></b>
<div class="Section2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada masing-masing unit analisis tersebut dibuat sebuah plot
pengukuran dengan lebar setara dengan 2 x 2 km di lapangan.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN2qHWrWxj8PJm16vUkR2AYMmQHumfPLKbch3-mXc9CU3saPAfroGyaz-S2eBu7qv_nAcLBeCnEgUUo-b_VlToSM-6jrlj4XaMx19IU0PwIQuZBpJNTmtYmWKr4ZAJyLPc7D0bSGqLnM8/s1600/plotarea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN2qHWrWxj8PJm16vUkR2AYMmQHumfPLKbch3-mXc9CU3saPAfroGyaz-S2eBu7qv_nAcLBeCnEgUUo-b_VlToSM-6jrlj4XaMx19IU0PwIQuZBpJNTmtYmWKr4ZAJyLPc7D0bSGqLnM8/s1600/plotarea.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karakterisasi dilakukan terhadap morfologi cekungan karst
yaitu terkait pola sebaran cekungan, kelerengan, dan kekasaran permukaan cekungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Faktor pola sebaran cekungan dihitung dengan mendasarkan
pada sebaran titik centroid dari poligon cekungan. Perhitungan dilakukan dengan
terlebih dahulu melakukan pembentukan kontur dari data GDEM ASTER. Data vektor
kontur turunan GDEM ASTER tersebut selanjutnya dipotong sesuai dengan plot ukur
dari masing-masing unit analisis. Analisis cekungan dilakukan pada data kontur
pada masing-masing plot ukur tersebut. Cekungan ditentukan dengan memilih
kontur yang membentuk poligon tertutup dengan indek elevasi yang menurun ke
bagian tengah poligon. Kontur yang diyakini berupa sebuah punggungan atau
bentukan positif ataupun kontur tidak membentuk poligon tertutup dihapus. Data
kontur yang merepresentasikan sebuah cekungan diubah menjadi tipe poligon.
Titik centroid dari masing-masing poligon tersebut dibentuk dengan menggunakan
tool Centroid pada Quantum GIS. Data vektor centroid tersebut selanjutnya
dianalisis pola sebarannya dengan menggunakan tool Nearest Neighbour pada
Quantum GIS.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Faktor kelerengan yang diukur yaitu parameter kemiringan
lereng. Kemiringan lereng yang dimaksud adalah kemiringan lereng (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">slope</i>) terbesar yang diukur dari dasar
cekungan. Panjang lereng adalah panjang lereng yang memiliki kemiringan lereng
terbesar, diukur dari titik terrendah awal perubahan slope hingga titik
tertinggi akhir dari perubahan slope. Pengukuran dilakukan pada dinding
cekungan sampel dengan penggunakan 3D Path Profile pada Global Mapper 11. Faktor
kelerengan selanjutnya dilakukan uji statistik untuk mengetahui signifikansi
perbedaan karakter antar lokasi sampel tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Citra GDEM ASTER dipotong tiap lokasi unit analisis. Citra
GDEM ASTER dari lokasi unit analisis yang akan diolah diaktifkan. Selanjutnya faktor
kekasaran permukaan dihitung dengan menggunakan tool Ruggedess Index pada
Quantum GIS. Nilai indek kekasaran diperoleh dari metadata hasil proses
pengolahan tersebut. Indek kekasaran dari masing-masing lokasi sampel
selanjutnya dilakukan uji statistik untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar lokasi
sampel tersebut. Uji beda karakteristik antar lokasi sampel dilakukan dengan
uji T mengunakan Gnumeric Spreedsheet.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">GDEM Aster dapat digunakan dengan baik untuk karakterisasi
morfologi permukaan karst. Pemanfaatan teknologi penginderaan jauh dan SIG
sangat membantu dalam proses analisis morfologi tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karst gunungsewu memiliki keragaman karakteristik yang
menyebar dari barat hingga timur. Keragaman karakteristik tersebut didasarkan
pada parameter pola persebaran cekungan, kemiringan lereng, dan kekasaran
permukaan karst. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pola
persebaran cekungan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 3.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 25.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berdasar
pada parameter pola persebaran cekungan diketahui seluruh area karst gunungsewu
memiliki pola persebaran cekungan yang cenderung acak. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tabel
1. Nilai Indek Tetangga Terdekat sentroid cekungan</span></i></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.9pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 596px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.55pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Faktor Hitung</span></b></div>
</td>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Unit Analisis</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></b></div>
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<td style="border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; height: 15.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 25.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.55pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jarak rata-rata yang diobservasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00174</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00139</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00215</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00227</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00222</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.55pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jarak rata-rata yang diharapkan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00131</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00112</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00180</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00153</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.00161</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 25.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.55pt;" valign="top" width="218">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Indeks tetangga terdekat</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.321</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.241</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.198</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.481</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.380</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sumber
: hasil perhitungan</span></div>
</div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-font-kerning: .5pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="Section4">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dari tabel 1 tersebut dapat dilihat bahwa seluruh sampel
pada tiap unit analisis menunjukkan nilai indek tetangga terdekat memiliki
nilai mendekati angka 1 yang berarti memiliki pola persebaran yang acak. Namun
demikian jika dibuat tingkat keberaturannya, maka dapat dinyatakan bahwa unit
analisis 3 memiliki tingkat paling acak dan unit analisis 4 merupakan unit yang
paling mengarah pada persebaran yang lebih teratur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Faktor kelerengan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berdasar parameter kemiringan lereng cekungan diketahui
bahwa kemiringan lereng terkecil terdapat disebelah barat (unit analisis 2) dan
semakin meningkat hingga sisi timur (unit analisis 4) yang berasosiasi dengan
perbukitan karst tinggi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tabel
2. Rerata kemiringan lereng cekungan</span></i></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 511px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.35pt;" width="171">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Faktor hitung</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="340">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Unit Analisis (satuan = <sup>o</sup>)</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="171">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rerata Kemiringan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16,19</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14,32</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17,89</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">21,63</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">20,26</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 128.35pt;" valign="bottom" width="171">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Standar deviasi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5,61</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4,91</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5,84</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7,26</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7,62</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sumber
: Hasil perhitungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kemiringan lereng rata-rata semakin meningkat dari unit
analisis 2 hingga unit analisis 4, sementara itu variasi kemiringannya semakin
meningkat dari unit analisis 2 hingga unit analisis 5.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kekasaran Permukaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berdasar parameter kekasaran permukaan diketahui bahwa
seluruh area karst gunungsewu memiliki kekasaran permukaan dari level datar
hingga intermediately rugged dan moderately rugged berdasarkan indek kekasaran
permukaan Riley (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lihat tabel 4</i>.). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tabel
3. Rerata kekasaran permukaan</span></i></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 40.85pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 511px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.85pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Faktor Hitung</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="5" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 262.4pt;" valign="top" width="350">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Unit Analisis (m)</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.85pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nilai Minimal</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.85pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nilai Maksimal</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">252.65<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">223.73<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">226.02<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">254.19<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">258.94<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.85pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rata-rata</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">78.41<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">52.41<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">56.42<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">77.97<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">70.03<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.85pt;" valign="top" width="161">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Standar Deviasi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">54.90<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">33.07<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">31.49<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">51.51<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">56.86<b><i><span style="color: black;"></span></i></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sumber
: Hasil perhitungan</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tabel
4. Indek kekasaran permukaan Riley</span></i></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; margin-left: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ruggedness Classification</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 191.45pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ruggedness Index Value</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Level</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 191.45pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0 – 80m</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Nearly Level</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 191.45pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">81 – 116m</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Slightly Rugged</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 191.45pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">117 – 161m</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Intermediately Rugged</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 191.45pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">162 – 239m</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Moderately Rugged</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 191.45pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">240 – 497m</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Highly Rugged</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 191.45pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">498 – 958m</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Extremely Rugged</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 191.45pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">959 – 4397m</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sumber : Riley dkk (1999)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagian besar dari unit analisis memiliki perbedaan tingkat
kekasaran permukaan rata-rata yang signifikan. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tabel
4. Nilai uji beda dengan T-test pada taraf signifikansi 5%</span></i></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 83.4pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 382px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif";">Unit Analisis</span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="51">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="51">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">26,59</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-22,77</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-0,38</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-6,95</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="51">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5,76</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">27,37</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17,56</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="51">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="62">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">23,39</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="66">
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-13,72</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 56.95pt;" valign="bottom" width="76">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 38.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="51">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 46.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="61">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sumber
: Hasil Perhitungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dari tabel tersebut diketahui bahwa sebagian besar nilai t
hitung berada lebih besar ataupun lebih kecil dari nilai ambang batas
penerimaan yaitu ± 1,960. Nilai t hitung yang berada pada daerah penerimaan
hanya dihasilkan dari hasil pembedaan unit analisis 1 dengan unit analisis 4
yaitu sebesar -0,38, yang berarti pada kedua unit analisis tersebut memiliki
kesamaan tingkat kekasaran rata-ratanya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 3.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Daftar Pustaka </span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Haryono, E., Adji, T.N.,2004. Geomorfologi
dan Hidrologi Karst. Bahan Ajar. Kelompok Studi Karst. Fakultas Geografi UGM.
Yogyakarta.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kusumayudha, S.B., 2005. Hidrogeologi karst
dan geometri fraktal di daerah Gunungsewu. Penerbit Adicita. Yogyakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Purnomo,
H., Sugeng, 2005. Klasifikasi kawasan karst menggunakan Landsat TM 7 daerah
Wonosari Yogyakarta. PIT MAPIN XIV. Surabaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Plan, L., Decker, K., Faber, R., Wagreich, M., Grasemann,
B., 2009. Karst morphology and groundwater vulnerability of high alpine karst
plateaus. Environ Geol.58: 258-297.DOI: 10.1007/s00254-008-1605-5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Riley, S., J., DeGloria, S., D., Elliot, R., 1999. A Terrain
Ruggedness Index That Quantifies Topographic Heterogeneity. Intermountain
Journal of Science. Vol. 5. 1 – 4. P. 23-27.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tezcan, L. dan Ekmekci, M., 2004. Surface
cover infiltration index: a suggested method to assess infiltration capacity
for intrinsic vulnerability in karstic areas in absence of quantitative data.
Int. J. Speleol, 33: 35-48. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Werz, H., dan Hotzl, H., 2007. Groundwater risk intensity
mapping in semi arid regions using optical sensing data as an additional tool.
Hydrogeology Journal. 15: 1031-1049 DOI: 10.1007/s10040-007-0202-0</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penginderaan
jauh memanfaatkan energi yang diterima sensor dari pantulan atau pancaran
gelombang elektromagnetik dari obyek di muka bumi. Pengenalan obyek dari sebuah
citra satelit memanfaatkan nilai-nilai spektral yang berasal dari nilai energi
yang diterima oleh sensor tersebut. Sebuah piksel memiliki informasi tentang
obyek di lapangan. Kesulitan dapat muncul dalam pengenalan obyek yang
mendasarkan pada nilai spektral citra dari satu saluran. Kesulitan tersebut
akan terkurangi dengan memanfaatkan nilai spektral dari dua atau lebih saluran.
Variasi nilai spektral dari berbagai saluran dapat dibandingkan sehingga akan
meningkatkan akurasi interpretasi terhadap suatu piksel.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pola
spektral tersusun oleh respon spektral beberapa panjang gelombang terhadap
suatu obyek. Setiap obyek memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dalam
interaksinya dengan suatu panjang gelombang elektromagnetik. Masing-masing
panjang gelombang juga memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda ketika berinteraksi
dengan obyek, walaupun obyek tersebut adalah sama. Dengan melakukan pengukuran
energi terpantulkan atau yang dipancarkan suatu obyek muka bumi pada berbagai
panjang gelombang dapat diperoleh suatu bentuk pola spektral obyek.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Respon
spektral suatu obyek di muka bumi dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal sebagai
berikut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- azimut
matahari,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- sudut
ketinggian matahari,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- arah
relatif sensor terhadap nadir,</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">- kondisi
obyek.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-57QH6nRjEP-0cdRxQftKFET7C37ATp1jYZd7HKJdSVkUQ1tmy0fr3Wniz2tlcYJihyphenhyphens2rjBWf4audznTTtXHEvo-R1_bab7jQmS6YeOgQ12ZAoRXxVa1y35cc_yaLV92HzJy8mDKmjU/s1600/arahsinar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-57QH6nRjEP-0cdRxQftKFET7C37ATp1jYZd7HKJdSVkUQ1tmy0fr3Wniz2tlcYJihyphenhyphens2rjBWf4audznTTtXHEvo-R1_bab7jQmS6YeOgQ12ZAoRXxVa1y35cc_yaLV92HzJy8mDKmjU/s1600/arahsinar.jpg" height="244" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a : Sudut
zenit matahari</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b : Sudut
ketinggian matahari</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c : Sudut
azimut matahari</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada bagian
lain, pola spektral terbentuk oleh perbedaan kemampuan berbagai material dalam
menyerap, memantulkan, dan memancarkan energi radiasi (Adams, 2006). Terdapat
beberapa obyek dominan di permukaan bumi yang banyak digunakan sebagai
parameter penelitian lingkungan, diantaranya adalah vegetasi, tanah, batuan dan
air.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Referensi</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adams, J.B., Gillespie, A.R., 2006. <em><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Remote Sensing of Landscape with Spectral
Images – A Physical Modeling Approach</span></b></em>. Cambridge University
Press. New York.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Schowengerdt, R.A., 2007. <em><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Remote Sensing Models and Methods for Image
Processing</span></b></em>. Third Edition. Elsevier. London.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-64714507445590339342014-09-27T18:39:00.002+07:002014-09-27T18:39:17.218+07:00Kurva Pantulan Vegetasi<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karakteristik pantulan spektral dari vegetasi
dipengaruhi oleh kandungan pigmen daun, material organik, air dan karakteristik
struktural daun seperti bentuk daun dan luas daun (Huete and Glenn, 2011).
Karakteristik pantulan spektral dari vegetasi dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian
yaitu pada bagian spektrum tampak (0.4 – 0.7 µm) dan pada bagian spektrum
inframerah dekat / <i>Near Infra Red</i> (0.7 – 1.1 µm).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada bagian spektrum tampak, vegetasi memiliki nilai
pantulan relatif rendah pada spektrum biru dan merah dengan puncak minor pada
spektrum hijau (Mather, 2004). Pantulan spektral yang rendah pada spektrum biru
dan merah disebabkan karena vegetasi menyerap banyak energi pada kedua spektrum
tersebut. Energi pada spektrum tersebut digunakan untuk aktifitas photosintesis
pada daun (Song, 2011). Jumlah energi yang terserap pada kedua spektrum
tersebut mencapai 70% hingga 90% dari total energi yang datang ke permukaan
daun. Relatif lebih rendahnya pantulan spektral pada spektrum biru dan merah
dibandingkan pada spektrum hijau, memberi efek visualisasi warna hijau pada
daun tersebut. Daun nampak berwarna hijau oleh mata, karena kemampuan mata
dalam menangkap spektrum elektromagnetis berada pada spektrum tampak saja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pantulan spektral meningkat secara drastis pada
rentangan spektral antara 0.65 hingga 0.76 µm. Zona rentangan spektral pada
pola spektral vegetasi ini disebut dengan istilah titik batas merah (<b><i>red
edge point</i></b>).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM34kgd_fl8wecq2AEsSw8sj7CAje0k5ErpScT5jYCxx5VXOemBqYYFjWqZITH-kJ9RnfnQLXv5OOBr_M3LB7F9TK48xStPTncP-eQzn37kKm9tr5ltWXzJqRCeU_bBQgOTFvGXArjgaE/s1600/kurvavegetasi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM34kgd_fl8wecq2AEsSw8sj7CAje0k5ErpScT5jYCxx5VXOemBqYYFjWqZITH-kJ9RnfnQLXv5OOBr_M3LB7F9TK48xStPTncP-eQzn37kKm9tr5ltWXzJqRCeU_bBQgOTFvGXArjgaE/s1600/kurvavegetasi.jpg" height="320" width="261" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gambar . Pola spektral beberapa jenis vegetasi (Sumber
: Elachi, 2006)</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada rentangan spektrum infra merah dekat, yang juga
merupakan bagian kedua dari karakteristik pola spektral vegetasi, memiliki
pantulan spektral yang relatif tinggi. Pantulan spektral yang tinggi ini
terrentang antara 0.76 – 1.35 µm. Selanjutnya pada rentangan 1.35 – 2.5 µm
pantulan spektral dipengaruhi oleh struktur internal daun. Faktor pengaruh yang
dominan terhadap pantulan spektral pada rentangan 1.35 – 2.5 µm ini adalah
banyak sedikitnya kandungan air pada lembar daun tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Referensi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Elachi,
C., Zyl, V.J. 2006. <b><i>Introduction to the Physic and Techniques of Remote
Sensing</i></b>. John Willey & Sons Inc.. New Jersey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Huete,
A.R, Glenn, E.P., 2011, <b><i>Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Structure and
Function</i></b>, Advance in Environtment Remote Sensing, p. 291. CRC Press.
Boca Raton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mather,P.M.
2004. <b><i>Computer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images An Introduction</i></b>.
John Willey & Sons Inc. Chichster.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Song,
C., Gray, J.M., Gao, F. 2011. <b><i>Remote Sensing of Vegetation with Landsat
Imagery</i></b>. CRC Press. Boca Raton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-58573603480033325632014-09-27T17:47:00.000+07:002014-09-27T17:47:02.296+07:00Indek Vegetasi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Algoritma yang sering digunakan dalam analisis penutup
lahan vegetasi adalah dengan menggunakan indeks vegetasi. Indeks Vegetasi
adalah pengukuran optis tingkat kehijauan (<i>greenness</i>) kanopi vegetasi,
sifat komposit dari klorofil daun, luas daun, struktur dan tutupan kanopi
vegetasi (Huete, 2011).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Indeks vegetasi telah banyak digunakan dalam berbagai
penelitian tentang vegetasi skala global. Indeks Vegetasi dapat secara efektif
digunakan untuk pemetaan kekeringan, penggurunan (desertifikasi) dan
penggundulan hutan (Horning, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Beberapa algoritma indeks vegetasi adalah seperti
dibawah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.
Simple Ratio (SR)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Algoritma Simple Ratio (Liang, 2004) diuraikan
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SR<i>= </i>Pn / Pr</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SR</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> : Simple Ratio</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pn</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> : Nilai spectral saluran Near Infrared</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pr</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> : Nilai spectral saluran Red</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Algoritma NDVI banyak digunakan untuk berbagai
aplikasi terkait vegetasi. NDVI memiliki efektivitas untuk memprediksi sifat
permukaan ketika kanopi vegetasi tidak terlalu rapat dan tidak terlalu jarang
(Liang, 2004). Algoritma NDVI (Landgrebe, 2003) diuraikan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NDVI<i>= </i>NIR-R / NIR+R </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NIR</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> : Nilai spektral saluran Near Infrared</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">R</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> : Nilai spektral saluran Red</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Algoritma EVI diformulasi untuk meningkatkan algoritma
NDVI dan ditujukan untuk pengolahan index vegetasi pada citra MODIS. Algoritma
ini mirip dengan algoritma NDVI dengan penambahan formulasi untuk koreksi efek
gangguan radiometric dari atmosfer dan dari dalam kanopi. Algoritma EVI
(Horning, 2010) diuraikan sebagai berikut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">EVI<i>= </i>G ((NIR-R) / (NIR+C1*R-C2*B+L))</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">G
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: Gain Factor, G = 2.5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NIR</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
: Nilai spectral saluran Near Infrared</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">R</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
: Nilai spectral saluran Red</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: Nilai spectral saluran Biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">C<sub>1</sub>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: Atmosferic Aerosol Resistance, C<sub>1</sub> = 6</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">C<sub>2</sub>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: Atmosferic Aerosol Resistance, C<sub>2</sub> = 7.5</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.
Principle Component Analysis (PCA)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Algoritma PCA yang telah terstandarisasi sering
disebut dengan <i>Tasseled Cap Transformation</i>. Tasseled Cap diformulasikan
untuk pengolahan pada data citra yang berasal dari sensor yang berbeda.
Algoritma ini dapat digunakan untuk pengolahan citra yang diambil pada waktu
yang berbeda pada tahun yang sama atau citra dengan area yang berbeda (Horning,
2010).</span></div>
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Vegetation Condition Indeks (VCI)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penutup lahan dan penggunaan lahan dapat berubah dari
waktu ke waktu. Perubahan penutup lahan dan penggunaan lahan mengakibatkan
perubahan rasio energy yang perpantulkan menuju sensor. Penilaian tutupan lahan
pada satu waktu dapat diturunkan melalui algoritma indeks vegetasi dari data
citra. Pada citra multi temporal informasi perubahan penutup lahan vegetasi
dapat diturunkan dengan memperbandingkan nilai indeks vegetasi dari kedua citra
tersebut. Algoritma yang dapat digunakan dalam pembandingan nilai indeks
vegetasi tersebut adalah indeks kondisi vegetasi (<i>Vegetation Condition
Index) </i>(Liang, 2004). Formulasi dari algoritma indeks kondisi vegetasi
dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">VCI<i>=</i> ( NDVI<sub>i</sub>-NDVI<sub>min</sub>)
/ (NDVI<sub>max</sub>-NDVI<sub>min</sub> )</span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Keterangan :</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NDVIi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">
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: Nilai NDVI terbesar</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">NDVImin
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Vegetation Indices</i></b>. Land Remote Sensing and Global Environmental
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-9712517312408292742014-09-27T17:42:00.001+07:002014-11-08T17:32:53.409+07:00Hamburan Partikel Atmosferik<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Interaksi
antara gelombang elektromagnetik dengan atmosfer dapat menimbulkan adanya
hamburan dan penyerapan gelombang elektromagnetik tersebut oleh berbagai
partikel atmosfer. Besar nilai hamburan dan penyerapan berbeda pada satu
panjang gelombang dengan gelombang lainnya. Pada beberapa panjang gelombang
tidak terjadi hamburan atau penyerapan ini. Rentangan panjang gelombang yang
tidak terhamburkan atau terserap oleh partikel atmosferik ini disebut sebagai
jendela atmosferik (<i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atmosferic window).</span></i></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hamburan
mengakibatkan terjadinya berbagai pembelokan arah pancaran gelombang
elektromagnetik dari jalurnya. Sedangkan penyerapan menimbulkan pemindahan
energi dari gelombang elektromagnetik ke partikel atmosfer penyerap gelombang
tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ukuran
partikel dan panjang gelombang berpengaruh terhadap kejadian hamburan gelombang
elektromagnetik. Partikel-partikel penyebab terjadiya hamburan diantaranya adalah
partikel oksigen, nitrogen, dan ozon (Mather, 2004). Partikel lain adalah
partikel garam dari penguapan air laut, partikel uap air, serta partikel debu
akibat aktivitas vulkanik ataupun aktivitas manusia. Silakah baca artikel berikut : <a href="http://infoinderaja.blogspot.com/2014/11/partikel-atmosfer-yang-dapat.html"><b>Partikel atmosfer yang dapat berpengaruh terhadap data citra satelit</b></a>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perilaku
hamburan tergantung pada nilai indeks refraktif dan parameter ukuran seperti
formula berikut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">χ=2πr
/ λ </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jika nilai X
lebih kecil dari 0.01 maka akan terjadi hamburan rayleigh, dan jika nilai X
mendekati besarnya panjang gelombang akan terjadi hamburan mie (Liang, 2004).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Hamburan
Rayleigh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hamburan
rayleigh terjadi ketika panjang gelombang radiasi lebih besar dibandingkan
dengan ukuran partikel penghambur. Jumlah radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik
yang terhambur dapat didekati dengan menggunakan koefisien volume hamburan
(Landgrebe, 2003), berikut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> σλ=4π<sup>2
</sup>((NV<sup>2</sup>(n<sup>2</sup>-n<sub>o</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>2</sup>) /
(λ<sup>4</sup>(n<sup>2</sup>+n<sub>o</sub><sup>2</sup>)<sup>2</sup> ))</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Keterangan
:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">N
: jumlah partikel per cm<sup>3</sup></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">V
: Volume partikel penghambur</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">λ
: Panjang gelombang radiasi</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">n
: indeks refraksi partikel</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">n<sub>o</sub>
: indeks refraksi medium</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Panjang
gelombang pendek akan terhambur lebih kuat oleh hamburan rayleigh ini.
Gelombang biru (0.4 – 0.5 µm) yang merupakan gelombang terpendek dari spektrum
tampak (visible spectrum) terhambur oleh partikel rayleigh ini. Efek dari
hamburan rayleigh terhadap gelombang biru ini adalah kenampakan warna biru di
langit pada siang hari dan adanya warna merah kuning di sore atau pagi hari.
Cahaya yang terhamburkan dan mencapai permukaan bumi disebut dengan <i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">diffuse irradiance.</span></i> Sedangkan
cahaya yang terhamburkan oleh atmosfer, dapat mencapai sensor perekam data,
namun tidak membuat kontak dengan dengan permukaan bumi disebut dengan <i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atmospheric path radiance</span></i>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Hamburan
Mie</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hamburan mie
terjadi ketika gelombang elektromagnetik berinteraksi dengan berbagai partikel
atmosferik dengan ukuran yang kurang lebih sama dengan panjang gelombang
tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hamburan mie
dapat disebabkan oleh dua sumber penyebab hamburan, yaitu partikel yang berasal
dari permukaan bumi dan partikel akibat berbagai proses reaksi kimiawi pada
atmosfer ataupun kondensasi. Partikel asap, debu, garam dari penguapan air
laut, mineral sulfat, nitrat di atmosfer dapat mengakibatkan hamburan ini.
Hamburan ini memunculkan efek kabut di atmosfer. Besar koefisien hamburan dapat
didekati dengan formula berikut (Landgrebe, 2003).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> σλ=10<sup>5</sup>π <sub>a1</sub>∫<sup>a2</sup>
N(a)K(a,n)a<sup>2</sup>da </span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">N(a)
: jumlah partikel pada a, a+da</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">K(a,n)
: Penampang melintang hamburan</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a
: radius partikel-partikel spheris</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">n
: indeks refraksi partikel</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Hamburan Non Selective</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hamburan non
selektif merupakan hamburan yang menghamburkan hampir seluruh spektrum tampak
di atmosfer. Hamburan non selektif terjadi ketika gelombang elektromagnetik
berinteraksi dengan partikel atmosferik yang berukuran lebih besar dari panjang
gelombangnya. Butiran air hujan dan fragmen es pada awan hujan dapat
mengakibatkan hamburan tipe ini. Sinar matahari tidak dapat menembus awan hujan
karena seluruh gelombang tampak terhamburkan oleh partikel-partikel air pada
awan hujan tersebut.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Landgrebe, D.A., 2003. <i><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Signal Theory Methods In Multispectral
Remote Sensing</span></b></i>. John Willey & Sons Inc.. New Jersey.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Liang, S. 2004. <i><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surface</span></b></i>.
John Willey & Sons Inc.. New Jersey.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mather, P.M., 2004. <i><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Computer Processing of Remotely-Sensed Images</span></b></i>,
Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-9312574627570775402014-09-27T17:32:00.000+07:002014-09-27T17:32:06.756+07:00Aplikasi Penginderaan Jauh Monitoring Tingkat Kerusakan Lingkungan Karst<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karst
memiliki sifat yang sangat rentan terhadap berbagai gangguan alami ataupun
manusia (van Beynen dan Townsend, 2005; Calo dan Parise, 2006; de Waele, 2008;
Parise, 2008; Brinkmann dan jo Garren, 2011). Sementara itu, tekanan dari
faktor alami dan manusia terus mengalami peningkatan (Day, 2011), yang dapat
mengakibatkan semakin terdegradasinya lingkungan karst tersebut. Yang dkk
(2011) mengemukakan bahwa faktor aktifitas manusia di lingkungan karst
memberikan pengaruh yang kuat terhadap proses desertifikasi batuan karst.
Pengaruh pertumbuhan penduduk dan perubahan penggunaan lahan disebutkan oleh
Jiang (2008) memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kualitas air sungai
bawah tanah.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lingkungan
karst telah terganggu oleh aktivitas manusia sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu
semenjak manusia menggunakan gua-gua sebagai tempat tinggalnya serta
memanfaatkan sumber airnya (van Beynen dan van Beynen, 2011). Namun demikian,
dampak yang merugikan dari akibat interaksi antara manusia dan lingkungan karst
muncul semenjak terjadinya revolusi industri (Parise dkk, 2008). Bentuk
gangguan manusia terhadap lingkungan karst berupa penggalian, polusi, pemompaan
air bawah tanah, konstruksi dan pertanian (Podobnikar dkk, 2009; Van Beynen dan
van Beynen 2011). Dampak langsung dari aktivitas pemanfaatan kawasan karst yang
tidak terkendali akan menyebabkan menurunnya bahkan hancurnya fungsi alami
kawasan karst (Soerono, 2008). Persoalan yang timbul akibat pemanfaatan
ekosistem karst dapat menyebabkan ekosistem karst tidak lagi memberikan manfaat
ekonomi dan fungsi ekologi (Wijayanti, 2011). Sejalan dengan hal tersebut,
Brinkmann dan Parise (2012) menyebutkan pentingnya berbagai penelitian aktual
yang mencermati perubahan bentang lahan karst oleh manusia seperti perubahan
sistem alamiah pada bentang lahan karst akibat aktivitas manusia, pengukuran
tingkat kerusakan karst dan tingkat keberlangsungan (<em><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">sustainability</span></em>) karst,
pengelolaan bentang lahan karst pada lahan terbangun dan perkotaan, dan
penilaian perubahan sistem hidrologi karst.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berdasar
hasil pencermatan publikasi tersebut diketahui bahwa penilaian kondisi
lingkungan karst terutama akibat dari aktivitas manusia banyak didasarkan pada
metode observasi langsung dilapangan. Pemanfaatan data penginderaan jauh yang
pada saat ini tersedia dalam berbagai resolusi serta mudah dalam perolehannya,
belum banyak dimanfaatkan untuk penilaian lingkungan karst ini khususnya dalam
penilaian tingkat kerusakan lingkungan karst. Di sisi lain aplikasi
penginderaan jauh untuk penilaian kondisi lingkungan selain pada ekosistem
karst telah banyak dilakukan.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Data
penginderaan jauh memiliki potensi untuk aplikasi studi lingkungan karst. Yue
(2010) menunjukkan bahwa penginderaan jauh hiperspektral dapat memberikan suatu
metode yang bermanfaat untuk penilaian dan monitoring eko-geo-enviromental
karst yang terutama pada julat 1.300 nm – 2.500 nm dan turunan pertama
julat 400 nm hingga 600 nm. Singkapan batuan karst berhasil dipetakan dengan
baik oleh Huang dan Cai (2009) dengan menggunakan indeks batuan (Normalized
Difference Rock Index / NDRI) yang didasarkan pada nilai spektral band 3 dan
band 5 Landsat TM. Klasifikasi berbasis obyek dan analisis fragmentasi
memberikan hasil yang baik untuk mengidentifikasi area konservasi pada bentang
lahan karst di Jamaica (Newman dkk, 2011). Klasifikasi kelas kawasan konservasi
pada lahan karst Gunung Sewu berhasil dilakukan oleh Purnomo dan Sugeng (2005)
dengan menggunakan citra Landsat TM dengan mendasarkan pada pola kelurusan dan
lembah. Penelitian sejenis telah dilakukan oleh Litwin dan Andreychouk (2008),
Jiang dkk (2008), Xiong (2009), dan Yang dkk (2011).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Beberapa
penelitian tersebut diatas menunjukkan adanya potensi dari pemanfaatan data
penginderaan jauh untuk kajian lingkungan karst. Karakteristik data citra
satelit yang bersifat raster merupakan satu hal yang dapat dijadikan sebagai
nilai lebih dari jenis data ini. Penilaian terhadap lingkungan karst dapat
dilakukan terhadap satu satuan wilayah yang lebih detil sejalan dengan tingkat
resolusi spasial dari citra tersebut. Kemampuan penginderaan jauh dalam
menyadap informasi obyek dengan berbagai panjang gelombang akan meningkatkan
potensi akurasi informasi tersebut. Cakupan perekaman citra yang luas dan
periode ulang perekaman yang cepat memungkinkan proses monitoring terhadap
lingkungan karst yang intensif. Hal ini tidak mungkin dilakukan dalam penilaian
lingkungan karst dengan menggunakan metode survay seperti yang dilakukan oleh
Van Beynen dan Townsend (2005).</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Daftar
Pustaka</span></strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adji, T. N., 2006. Kondisi Daerah Tangkapan
Sungai Bawah Tanah Karst Gunung Sewu dan Kemungkinan Dampak Lingkungannya
Terhadap Sumberdaya Air (Hidrologis) Karena Aktivitas Manusia. Seminar UGK-BP
DAS SOP.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Andriani, G. F., Walsh, N., 2009. An example
of the effects of antrophogenic changes on natural environment in the Apulian
karst (southern Italy). Environ Geol. 58: 313-325 DOI 10.1007/s00254-008-1604-6</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Brinkmann, R., Parise, M., 2012. Karst
Environments: Problems, Management, Human Impacts, and Sustainability an
introduction to the special issue. Editorial. Journal of Cave and Karst
Studies. August 2012: 135-136. DOI. 10.4311/2011JCKS0253.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Brinkmann, R., Jo Garren, S., Karst
Sustainability in Van Beynen, P. E. (ed). Karst Management, DOI
10.1007/978-94-007-1207-2_16</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Calo, F., Parise, M., 2006. Evaluating the
Human Disturbance to Karst Environments in Southern Italy, Acta Carsologica
35/2: 47-56.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">De Waele, J., 2009. Evaluating disturbance on
mediterranean karst areas: the example of Sardinia (Italy). Environ Geol. 58:
239-255. DOI 10.1007/s00254-008-1600-x</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">De Waele, J., Follesa, R., 2003. Human Impact
on Karst: The Example of Lusaka (Zambia). Int. J. Speleol. 32 (1/4) 2003:
71-83.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Huang, Q., Cai, Y., 2009. Mapping Karst Rock in
Southwest China. Mountain Research and Development. Vol. 20. No 1 Feb 2009:
14-20. DOI 10.1659</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jian, P., Xu., Y., Cai, Y., Xiao, H., 2011.
Climatic and Anthropogenic drivers of land use/cover change in fragile karst of
Southwest China since the early 1970s: a case study on the Maotiaohe
watersheed. Environ Earth Sci. 64:2107-2118 DOI: 10.1007/s12665-011-1037-5</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Litwin, L., Andreychouk, V., 2008.
Characteristic of high-mountain karst based on GIS and Remote Sensing. Environ
Geol. 54: 979-994. DOI 10.1007/s00254-007-0893-5</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Newman, M. E., McLaren, K. P., Wilson, B. S.,
2011. Use of Object-Oriented classification and fragmentation analysis
(1985-2008) to identify important areas for conservation in Cocpit Country
Jamaica. Environ Monit Assses. 172: 391-406 DOI 10.1007/s10661-010-1342-6</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Parise, M., Qiriazi, P., Sala, S., 2008.
Evaporite Karst of Albania: main features and cases of environmental
degradation, Environ. Geol. 53: 967-974. DOI 10.1007/s00254-007-0722-x</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Podobnikar, T., Schoner, M., Jansa, J.,
Pfeifer, N., Spatial analysis of antrophogenic impact on karst geomorphology
(Slovenia). Environ Geol. 58:257-268. DOI 10.1007/s00254-008-1607-3</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Purnomo, H., Sugeng, 2005. Klasifikasi
Kawasan Karst Menggunakan Landsat TM 7 Daerah Wonosari Yogyakarta. PIT MAPIN
XIV. 14-15 September 2005, Surabaya</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sauro, U., 2006. Changes in the Use of
Natural Resources and Human Impact in the Karst Environment of the Venetian
Prealps (Italy), Acta Carsologica 35/2: 57-63.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Van Beynen, P., Felliciano, N., North, L.,
Townsend, K., 2007. Application of a Karst Disturbance Index in Hillsborough
County, Florida. Environ Manage 39:261-177 DOI 10.1007/s00267-005-0393-x</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Van Beynen, P., Townsend, K., 2005. A
Disturbing Index for Karst Environments. Environmental Management Vol. 36. No.
1. Pp. 101-116. DOI 10.1007/s00267-004-0265-9</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Xiong, Y. J., Qui, G. Y., Mo, D. K., Lin, H.,
Sun, H., Wang, Q. X., Zhao, S. H., Yin, J., 2009. Rocky desertification and its
causes in karst areas: a case study in Yongshun County, Hunan Province, China.
Environ Geol. 57: 1481-1488. DOI 10.1007/s00254-008-1425-7</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Yang, Q., Wang, K., Zhang, C., Yue, Y., Tian,
R., Fan, F., 2011, Spatio-temporal evolution of rocky desertification and its
driving forces in karst areas of northwestern Guangxi China, Environ Earth Sci.
64: 383-393. DOI 10.1007/s12665-010-0861-3</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Yue, Y., Wang, K., Zhang, B., Chen, Z., Jiao,
Q., Liu, B., Chen, H., 2008. Exploring the relationship eco-geo-environmental
condition in karst region Southwest China. Environ Monit Asses. 160: 157-168.
DOI 10.1007/s10661-008-0665-z</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6213435601446313228.post-62865628027543086892014-09-27T17:26:00.000+07:002014-09-27T17:29:05.200+07:00Aplikasi Penginderaan Jauh untuk Penilaian Kondisi Lingkungan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. Manusia dan Lingkungannya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Manusia hidup dalam suatu ruang dengan berbagai
situasi dan kondisi. Dalam kehidupannya, manusia akan berinteraksi dengan
segala hal yang ada dalam ruang disekitarnya tersebut. Segala hal yang ada
disekitarnya beserta segala interaksinya membentuk sistem hubungan timbal balik
yang sinergis yang disebut lingkungan. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia nomor 32
tahun 2009 menjelaskan bahwa lingkungan merupakan kesatuan ruang dengan semua
benda, daya, keadaan dan makhluk hidup termasuk manusia dan perilakunya, yang
mempengaruhi kelangsungan peri kehidupan dan kesejahteraan manusia dan makhluk
hidup lainnya. Dalam pengertian lain lingkungan diartikan sebagai habitat
biotik dan kondisi fisikalnya yang ada disekitar kita yang dapat diindera
(Henry dan Heinke, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Kualitas lingkungan memberikan pengaruh terhadap
kualitas kehidupan manusia. Kondisi lingkungan merupakan kunci bagi peningkatan
kualitas kehidupan manusia dalam berbagai aktifitasnya (Skidmore, 2002).
Dengan kata lain, penurunan kualitas lingkungan akan menurunkan kualitas
kehidupan manusia. Ketika kualitas lingkungan dijadikan dasar sebagai kunci
bagi peningkatan kualitas hidup manusia, maka pemahaman mengenai lingkungan
diperluas kaitannya pada berbagai macam aktivitas dalam aspek budaya, sosial
dan ekonomi (Henry dan Heinke, 1996).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pertambahan jumlah penduduk mendorong bertambahnya
variasi usaha dan pergerakan manusia dalam usahanya untuk meningkatkan kualitas
hidup. Dalam usaha tersebut manusia dengan segala akal dan budinya melakukan
pengubahan kondisi lingkungan yang disesuaikan dengan keinginannya. Perubahan
yang terjadi pada satu unsur lingkungan akan memberikan dampak pada berbagai
unsur lingkungan lainnya (Samant dan Subramanyan, 1998; Kusimi, 2008; Griscom
et al., 2009). Perubahan pada salah satu unsur lingkungan dapat menimbulkan permasalahan
lingkungan itu sendiri. Permasalahan lingkungan memiliki tiga gatra pokok yaitu
pencemaran, usikan terhadap neraca ekologi, dan pengurasan (eksploitasi)
sumberdaya alam (Tedjoyuwono, 2006). Ketiga masalah pokok tersebut bermula dari
aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh manusia secara berlebihan dalam usaha
meningkatkan kualitas hidupnya. Pencemaran terhadap lingkungan muncul akibat
pembuangan sisa aktivitas kehidupan yang dilakukan dalam berbagai skala.
Pencemaran dapat terjadi pada air, tanah dan udara. Usikan terhadap neraca
ekologi bermula ketika manusia mulai mencoba mengubah kondisi lingkungan agar
sesuai dengan kondisi yang diinginkan oleh manusia. Bermula dari hal tersebut,
muncul ketidakseimbangan neraca ekologis karena eksploitasi yang berlebih terhadap
sumberdaya lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Permasalahan lingkungan terkait dengan masalah-masalah
sistem lahan, air dan udara. Keterkaitan sistem lahan, air dan udara akan
semakin kompleks sejalan dengan tingkat kompleksitas aktivitas manusia pada
lingkungannya. Dampak pada lingkungan yang ditimbulkan oleh sistem industri
lebih bersifat komplek dari pada dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh suatu sistem
pertanian tradisional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sistem pertanian tradisional menggunakan hewan ternak
sehingga tidak menghasilkan pencemar kimiawi yang berbahaya. Limbah aktifitas
pertanian tradisional seperti daun, batang, dan lainnya lebih mudah terurai
oleh biota pengurai dalam tanah. Oleh karena itulah sistem pertanian
tradisional cenderung menghasilkan dampak yang lebih sederhana terhadap kondisi
lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Aktifitas pembuangan gas hasil industrialisasi dan
transportasi menghasilkan akumulasi polusi udara. Akumulasi gas buang seperti
CO2, N2O, dan lain-lain di atmosfer, selalu terjadi peningkatan dari tahun ke
tahun. Penilaian terhadap kondisi lingkungan membutuhkan berbagai
data yang memiliki makna terhadap penentuan lokasi geografis dari berbagai
sumberdaya lahan (Reed et al., 2002). Sebagai misal, dalam penilaian terhadap
kualitas lahan dibutuhkan informasi seperti kemiringan lahan, luas lahan, kandungan
biomasa, dan lain-lain. Selain itu, dalam analisis lingkungan diperlukan alat
yang memiliki kemampuan untuk observasi, pengukuran dan analisis, pemetaan,
monitoring antar waktu dan tempat, dan dapat membantu dalam pengambilan
keputusan (Horning et al., 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berdasar pada alasan tersebut, penginderaan jauh
merupakan salah satu alat yang dapat digunakan untuk mengkaji kondisi
lingkungan baik secara multi waktu maupun multi tempat. Analisis kualitas
lingkungan pada saat ini tidak hanya mencakup segala sesuatu yang dapat
”diraba” secara langsung oleh sensor penginderaan jauh seperti kualitas udara
(Dinoi et.al, 2010) kualitas lahan (Forte et al., 2006), dan kualitas air
permukaan (Korosov et al. 2009; Gitelson et al, 2011), namun juga berkembang
pada objek yang tidak secara langsung dapat ”diraba” oleh sensor seperti
keberadaan air bawah tanah atau air dalam wilayah karst (Javed and Wani, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B. Aplikasi Penginderaan Jauh untuk
penilaian kondisi lingkungan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penginderaan jauh didefinisikan sebagai proses
perolehan informasi tentang suatu obyek tanpa adanya kontak fisik secara
langsung dengan obyek tersebut (Rees, 2001; Elachi, 2006). Informasi diperoleh
dengan cara deteksi dan pengukuran berbagai perubahan yang terdapat pada lahan
dimana obyek berada. Proses tersebut dilakukan dengan cara perabaan atau
perekaman energi yang dipantulkan atau dipancarkan, memproses, menganalisa dan
menerapkan informasi tersebut. Informasi secara potensial tertangkap pada suatu
ketinggian melalui energi yang terbangun dari permukaan bumi, yang secara detil
didapatkan dari variasi-variasi spasial, spektral dan temporal lahan tersebut
(Landgrebe, 2003). Kemampuan teknologi penginderaan jauh dalam perolehan
informasi yang luas tanpa persinggungan langsung dengan obyeknya banyak
dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai hal yang bersifat spasial. Hingga saat ini
penginderaan jauh telah diaplikasikan untuk keperluan pengelolaan lingkungan,
ekologi, degradasi lahan, bencana alam, hingga perubahan iklim (Horning et al,
2010; Roder, 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Data penginderaan jauh memberikan informasi kondisi
permukaan bumi. Informasi permukaan bumi yang dapat dengan mudah diperoleh
adalah informasi tentang penutup dan penggunaan lahan. Informasi tentang
penutup lahan dan penggunaan lahan sangat bermanfaat dalam kaitannya dengan
penilaian kondisi lingkungan. Perubahan kondisi penutup lahan dalam skala yang
luas merupakan salah satu faktor pendorong terjadinya perubahan iklim global
(Mayaux et al. 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B.1. Aplikasi dalam penilaian kualitas udara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kualitas udara dapat dinilai salah satunya dari
kandungan material partikel yang ada diudara tersebut. Dalam penelitiannya,
Dinoi et al. (2010), memanfaatkan saluran Aerosol Optical Thicknesess (AOTs)
dari citra MODIS baik Terra maupun Aqua. Saluran AOTs berkisar pada 550nm yang
peka terhadap hamburan partikel di atmosfer. Dari penelitiannya tersebut, Dinoi
et al., menemukan korelasi empiris antara nilai AOTs dari citra MODIS dengan
nilai kandungan material partikel di atmosfer hasil pengukuran di lapangan
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Material Partikel (µg/m<sup>3</sup>) = 25(µg/m<sup>3</sup>)
+ 65(µg/m<sup>3</sup>) x AOTs</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Penelitian lain untuk penilaian kualitas udara
dilakukan oleh Wong dan Nichol (2011). Wong dan Nichol juga menggunakan panjang
gelombang 550nm yaitu pada saluran AOTs MODIS dan menambahkan parameter-parameter
: sudut zenit matahari, sudut zenit satelit, pantulan hamburan reyleigh,
panjang transmisi matahari dengan bumi, pantulan permukaan, dan pantulan
hemisfer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> <b>B.2. Aplikasi dalam penilaian kualitas lahan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kualitas lahan sering dicirikan dari kondisi penutup
lahannya. Algoritma yang sering digunakan dalam analisis penutup lahan vegetasi
adalah dengan menggunakan indeks vegetasi. Indeks Vegetasi adalah pengukuran
optis tingkat kehijauan (<i>greenness</i>) kanopi vegetasi, sifat komposit dari
klorofil daun, luas daun, struktur dan tutupan kanopi vegetasi (Huete dan
Glenn, 2011). Indeks vegetasi telah banyak digunakan dalam berbagai penelitian
tentang vegetasi skala global. Indeks Vegetasi dapat secara efektif digunakan
untuk pemetaan kekeringan, penggurunan (desertifikasi) dan penggundulan hutan
(Horning et al, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penelitian lain dilakukan oleh Forte et al (2006),
menilai kerentanan lahan terhadap kejadian banjir pada graben
Supersano-Ruffano-Nociglia. Penilaian dilakukan dengan memperhatikan kenampakan
morfo-struktural dari foto udara. Penilaian morfo-struktural diturunkan dari
data DTM dan dibantu dengan GIS sebagai alat analisis. Metode utama yang
digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan model Hazus Flood Model. Penelitian ini
menyimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan model Hazus Flood Model dapat memberikan hasil
yang baik untuk penilaian tingkat kerentanan terhadap banjir, terutama di
graben Supersano-Ruffano-Nociglia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B.3. Aplikasi dalam penilaian kualitas air</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penilaian kualitas air dapat dilakukan dengan menilai
kesehatan ekologis air tersebut. Phytoplankton merupakan renik sumber makanan
dapat dijadikan sebagai penciri kesehatan ekologis air. Keberadaan
phytoplankton merupakan kunci rantai kehidupan ekologis air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gitelson et al (2011), memanfaatkan keberadaan phytoplankton
tersebut sebagai penciri dari kualitas air. Phytoplankton terdiri dari unsur
mayoritas berupa chlorophil-a. Chlorophil-a ini memiliki sifat yang
memantulkan, menyerap dan memendarkan suatu gelombang elektromagnetik. Menurut
Gitelson et al (2011), terdapat tiga rentangan panjang gelombang yang penting
untuk menilai keberadaan chlorophil-a yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-
Rentang serapan (<i>absoption</i>) yaitu di sekitar 670 nm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-
Rentang pendaran (<i>flourescence</i>) yaitu di sekitar 685 nm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">-
Rentang puncak pantulan (<i>reflectance</i>) yaitu pada 700 nm</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Algoritma yang diusulkan untuk mendapatkan nilai
kandungan chlorophil-a tersebut adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CHL-a = [(r<sub>band7</sub>)<sup>-1</sup> – (r<sub>band9</sub>)<sup>-1</sup>]
x (r<sub>band10</sub>)
untuk
citra MERIS NIR-Red 3 saluran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CHL-a = (r<sub>band7</sub>)<sup>-1</sup> x (r<sub>band9</sub>)
untuk citra MERIS NIR-Red 2 saluran</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CHL-a = (r<sub>band13</sub>)<sup>-1</sup> x (r<sub>band15</sub>)
untuk citra MODIS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">CHL-a = (r<sub>band6</sub>)<sup>-1</sup> x (r<sub>band7</sub>)
untuk citra SeaWIFS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dari hasil uji coba yang dilakukan menunjukkan tingkat
korelasi yang tinggi antara nilai CHL-a hasil pengukuran dari berbagai citra
tersebut dengan hasil pengukuran chlorophyl-a di lapangan dan laboratorium
dengan nilai R<sup>2</sup> antara 0.94 hingga 0.99.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B.4. Aplikasi dalam pendugaan air bawah tanah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Aplikasi penginderaan jauh untuk pendugaan air bawah
tanah baik kuantitas ataupun kualitas telah banyak dilakukan. Salah satu
penelitian tentang air bawah tanah dengan penginderan jauh dilakukan oleh
Solomon dan Quiel (2006). Solomon dan Quiel memanfaatkan data Citra Landsat dan
DTM untuk menduga keberadaan air bawah tanah pada daerah karst. Dari data
penginderaan jauh tersebut diturunkan parameter-parameter penduga keberadaan
air bawah tanah, diantaranya : kondisi litologi, patahan, geomorfologi, dan
slope lereng. Hasil analisis diuji dengan metode pumping test dilapangan.
Dari hasil pengujian tersebut, metode yang digunakan oleh Solomon dan
Quiel dapat digunakan dengan baik dalam pendugaan keberadaan atau potensi air
bawah tanah di daerah karst.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">C. Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dari pembahasan diatas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa
penginderaan jauh dapat digunakan untuk mengkaji atau menilai kondisi
lingkungan. Unsur lingkungan seperti udara, air, dan lahan serta berbagai unsur
biotik yang ada dalam lingkungan tersebut memiliki penciri-penciri tertentu
yang dapat digunakan untuk penilaian berbagai unsur lingkungan tersebut. Pola
interaksi penciri unsur lingkungan dengan panjang gelombang merupakan kunci
pengenalan dan penilaian yang penting. Dengan demikian untuk dapat
mengaplikasikan penginderaan jauh dalam penilaian lingkungan, terlebih dahulu
peneliti harus memahami penciri beserta sifat atau karakteristiknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karakteristik yang harus dikenali dari penciri unsur
lingkungan tersebut berupa karakteristik kuantitatif dan karakteristik
kualitatif. Karakteristik kuantitatif berupa sifat yang ditunjukkan dalam
interaksinya terhadap panjang gelombang, seperti digunakan dalam penelitian
yang dilakukan oleh Dinoi (2010), Wong dan Nichol (2011), serta Gitelson
(2011). Karakteristik kualitatif berupa berbagai pola, struktur, tekstur,
kerapatan, panjang , bentuk dan lain-lain seperti digunakan dalam penelitian
Solomon dan Quiel (2006).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Referensi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Badan
Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 2012.<i> Perubahan Iklim dan Dampaknya
di Indonesia</i>. <a href="http://www.bmkg.go.id/BMKG_Pusat/Klimatologi/%20Informasi_Perubahan_Iklim.bmkg"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.bmkg.go.id/BMKG_Pusat/Klimatologi/
Informasi_Perubahan_Iklim.bmkg</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dinoi
A., Perrone M.R., Burlizzi, P., 2010. <i>Application of Modis for Air Quality
Studies Over Southeastern Italy</i>. Remote Sensing. 2. 1767-1796.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Elachi,
C., Zyl, V.J. 2006. <i>Introduction to the Physic and Techniques of Remote
Sensing</i>. John Willey & Sons Inc.. New Jersey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Forte
F., Strobl, R. G., Penneta, I. 2006. <i>A methodology using GIS, Aerial photos
and remote sensing for loss estimation and flood vulnerability analysis in the
Supersano-Ruffano-Nociglia Graben, Southern Italy</i>. Environ Geol. 50.
501-594.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gitelson,
A.A., Gurlin, D., Moses, W.J., Yacobi, Y.Z., 2011. <i>Remote estimation of
chlorophyll-a concentration in Inland, estuarine, and coastal waters</i>.
Advance in Environmental Remote Sensing. 439-468.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Griscom,
H.R., Miller, S.N., Ababio, T.G., Sivanpillal, R., 2010. <i>Mapping land cover
change of the Luvuvhu catcment South Africa for environment modelling</i>.
GeoJournal. 75. 163-173.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Henry,
J.G., Heinke, G.W., 1996. <i>Environmental Science and Engineering. Second
Edition</i>. Pren tice-Hall International Inc. New Jersey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Horning,
N., Robinson, J.A., Sterling, E.J., Turner, W., Spector, S., 2010. <i>Remote
Sensing for Ecology and Conservation</i>. Oxford University Press, New York.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Huete,
A.R, Glenn, E.P., 2011. <i>Remote Sensing of Ecosystem Structure and Function</i>,
Advance in Environtment Remote Sensing, p. 291. CRC Press. Boca Raton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Javed,
A., Wani, M.H., 2009. <i>Delineation of groundwater potensial zones in Kakund
Watersheed Easthern Rajashtan using remote sensing and GIS technology</i>.
Journal Geological Society of India. 73. 229-236.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Korosov,
A.A., Pozdnyakov, D.V., Folkestad, A., Pettersson, L.H., Sorensen, K., Schuman,
R., 2009. <i>Semi-empirical algorithm for retrieval of ecology-relevant water
constituents in various aquativ environment</i>. Algorithm. 2. 470-497.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kusimi,
J.M., 2008. <i>Assesing land use and land cover change in the Wassa West
Distric of Ghana using Remote Sensing</i>. GeoJournal. 71. 249-259.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
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</xml><![endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. Sekilas Perkembangan Penginderaan Jauh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sejak lahir manusia memahami dan mengenal
lingkungan sekitarnya dengan pandangan mata. Manusia mengenal adanya berbagai
obyek dengan melakukan pengamatan. Berbagai kejadian alam yang terjadi teramati
dalam batas-batas pandangan visualnya. Pengenalan lingkungan melalui
amatan-amatan visual ini telah berlangsung berabad-abad. Melalui metode ini
berbagai pengetahuan dan teknologi telah terlahirkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metode pengenalan terhadap lingkungan
berdasar pada amatan visual tentu memiliki keterbatasan-keterbatasan terutama
terkait dengan luas area amatannya. Kejadian-kejadian seperti perubahan luas
tutupan vegetasi, perubahan luas penggurunan, perubahan tutupan es, ataupun
penggundulan hutan tidak teramati dengan baik melalui pengamatan secara
langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Walaupun tentu saja bukan berarti
penginderaan jauh tidak memiliki kekurangan, data penginderaan jauh mampu
memberikan informasi spasial yang luas. Melalui data-data penginderaan jauh
multi temporal dapat dihasilkan pembandingan informasi spasial dari satu waktu
dengan waktu yang lain. Data penginderaan jauh seperti foto udara dan citra
satelit dapat meningkatkan akurasi dan kecepatan analisa terhadap berbagai.
Penginderaan jauh pada saat ini bukan hanya sekedar suatu fenomena teknis,
tetapi telah berkembang menjadi suatu bagian penting dalam memahami berbagai
permasalahan perubahan lingkungan (Adams, 2006).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Informasi diperoleh dengan cara deteksi
dan pengukuran berbagai perubahan yang terdapat pada lahan dimana obyek berada.
Proses tersebut dilakukan dengan cara perabaan atau perekaman energi yang
dipantulkan atau dipancarkan, memproses, menganalisa dan menerapkan informasi
tersebut. Informasi secara potensial tertangkap pada suatu ketinggian melalui
energi yang terbangun dari permukaan bumi, yang secara detil didapatkan dari
variasi-variasi spasial, spektral dan temporal lahan tersebut (Landgrebe,
2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penginderaan jauh berkembang dalam bentuk
pemrotretan muka bumi melalui wahana pesawat terbang yang menghasilkan foto
udara dan bentuk penginderaan jauh berteknologi satelit yang mendasarkan pada
konsep gelombang elektromagnetis. Dalam perkembangannya saat ini, dengan adanya
teknologi satelit berresolusi tinggi, pengenalan sifat fisik dan bentuk obyek
dipermukaan bumi secara individual juga dapat dilakukan (Lang,2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada dasarnya teknologi pemotretan udara
dan penginderaan jauh berteknologi satelit adalah suatu teknologi yang merekam
interaksi berkas cahaya yang berasal dari sinar matahari dan obyek di permukaan
bumi. Pantulan sinar matahari dari obyek di permukaan bumi ditangkap oleh
kamera atau sensor. Tiap benda atau obyek memberikan nilai pantulan yang
berbeda sesuai dengan sifatnya. Pada pemotretan udara rekaman dilakukan dengan
media seluloid (film), sedangkan penginderaan jauh melalui media pita magnetik
dalam bentuk sinyal-sinyal digital. Dalam perkembangannya potret udara juga
seringkali dilakukan dalam bentuk digital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penginderaan jauh modern diawali dengan
diluncurkannya satelit Landsat Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) pada tahun
1972 (Schowengerdt, 2007). Satelit ini memiliki empat saluran dengan lebar
spektral sekitar 100 nm, dan resolusi spasial 80 meter. Peluncuran satelit ini
mengawali sistem penginderaan jauh sistem satelit digital. Perkembangan
selanjutnya terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan terutama dalam pemotongan
rentang spektral untuk setiap saluran citra. Satelit hyperspectral seperti
MODIS memiliki jumlah saluran sebanyak 36 band. Dengan kemampuannya tersebut,
satelit dapat diaplikasikan dalam banyak hal. Kemampuan satelit ini banyak
dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai hal yang bersifat spasial. Hingga saat ini
penginderaan jauh telah diaplikasikan untuk keperluan pengelolaan lingkungan,
ekologi, degradasi lahan, bencana alam, hingga perubahan iklim (Horning, 2010;
Roder, 2009; Bukata, 2005; Adosi, 2007). Sebagian besar dari aplikasi data
penginderaan jauh dimanfaatkan untuk pengelolaan sumberdaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Satelit penginderaan jauh yang banyak
dimanfaatkan selama ini merupakan satelit yang menggunakan sistem optis.
Penginderaan jauh sistem optis ini memanfaatkan spektrum tampak hingga infra
merah (Liang, 2004). Rentang gelombang elektromagnetik yang lebih luas dalam
penginderaan jauh meliputi gelombang pendek mikro hingga spektrum yang lebih
pendek seperti gelombang infra merah, gelombang tampak, dan gelombang ultra
violet (Elachi, 2006).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B. Apa dan Bagaimana
Penginderaan Jauh itu ?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mencermati perkembangan dari penginderaan
jauh di atas, perlu dipahami lebih jauh tentang <b>apa</b> dan <b>bagaimana</b>
penginderaan jauh itu sebenarnya. Pemahaman tentang apa dan bagaimana akan
menjelaskan pada fokus dan lokus tentang sesuatu dalam tatanan keilmuan yang
luas. Pemahaman ini akan menjelaskan hakekat dari sesuatu tersebut. Salah satu
cara untuk mengetahui hakekat adalah dengan merunutnya melalui berbagai
definisi yang telah disampaikan oleh para ahli pada bidang tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B.1. Definisi Penginderaan Jauh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Banyak pendapat yang mencoba mendekati dan
menjawab apakah penginderaan jauh itu. Berikut dicontohkan beberapa definisi
mengenai penginderaan jauh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rees (2001) mendefinisikan penginderaan
jauh sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“<i>the collection of information about an
object without phisical contact with it”</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Suatu proses pengumpulan informasi
tentang obyek tanpa bersinggungan langsung dengan obyek tersebut)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mather (2004) mendefinisikan penginderaan
jauh sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“<i>the analysis and interpretation of
measurement of electromagnetic radiation that is reflected from or emitted by a
target and observed or recorded from a vantage point by an observer or
instrument that is not in contact with the target </i>”</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(suatu analisis interpretasi dari
pengukuran radiasi gelombang elektromagnetik yang terpantulkan atau terpancarkan
oleh target dan teramati atau terrekam pada jarak yang jauh dengan pengamat
atau peralatan yang tidak bersentuhan secara langsung)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Elachi dan Zyl (2006) menggunakan definisi
penginderaan jauh sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“The acquisition of information
about an object without being in physical contact with it”</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(Perolehan informasi obyek tanpa
bersentuhan fisik secara langsung)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Schowengerdt (2007) mencoba mendefinisikan
penginderaan jauh dengan istilah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">“a measurement of object properties on the
earth’s surface using data acquired from aircraft and satellite”</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(suatu pengukuran sifat-sifat obyek di
atas permukaan bumi dengan perolehan data melalui pesawat atau satelit)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Secara umum penginderaan jauh didefinisikan
sebagai suatu proses perolehan informasi tentang suatu obyek tanpa adanya
kontak fisik secara langsung dengan obyek tersebut. Terdapat kata kunci pokok
dari definisi-definisi tersebut, yaitu : <i>informasi</i> dan <i>tanpa kontak
(singgungan fisik) dengan obyek</i>. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan
secara induktif bahwa segala hal tentang perolehan informasi tanpa
bersinggungan langsung termasuk pada ruang besar penginderaan jauh. Konsep ini
memiliki ruang yang sangat luas dan belum memiliki kejelasan tentang obyek yang
dikaji. Terdapat bidang lain yang menggunakan terminologi tersebut, dimana
perolehan informasi dilakukan dengan tidak bersinggungan langsung dengan
obyeknya seperti seismik, geomagnetik, geofisika, investigasi sonar, dan
lain-lain (Rees, 2001). Bidang-bidang tersebut tidak masuk dalam ruang kajian
penginderaan jauh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penajaman tentang obyek yang dikaji
diperjelas dalam definisi yang disampaikan oleh Schowengerdt (2007) yang secara
eksplisit menjelaskan bahwa obyek yang ukur adalah segala obyek yang berada
dipermukaan bumi dengan segala sifatnya. Penjelasan ini menegaskan bahwa obyek
yang direkam dalam penginderaan jauh adalah obyek-obyek yang ada dipermukaan
bumi, bukan di dalam bumi atau di luar angkasa. Selain itu Schowengerdt juga
menjelaskan tentang cara perolehan informasinya, bahwa untuk memperoleh
informasi dilakukan melalui pesawat atau satelit. Cara perolehan informasi yang
dijelaskan oleh Schowengerdt ini lebih membatasi dan memperjelas bentuk dari
penginderaan jauh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B.2. Pendekatan dalam Penginderaan Jauh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metode ilmiah melandasi suatu kumpulan
asumsi dan paradigma menjadi bangunan ilmu. Untuk dapat berkembang menjadi
sebuah ilmu berbagai pencarian kebenaran dalam satu bidang harus didasarkan
pada metode ilmiah tertentu. Demikian pula dengan penginderaan jauh.
Penginderaan jauh tidak hanya memberi perhatian pada masalah teknis, namun
telah menjadi bagian penting untuk memahami masalah lingkungan (Adams dan
Gillespie, 2006). Aplikasi pengideraan jauh dalam berbagai studi berperan sebagai
alat bantu perolehan data hingga analisis, serta sekaligus ilmu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penginderaan jauh menggunakan pendekatan
kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Pendekatan kualitatif yang sering digunakan adalah
metode interpretasi visual baik dua dimensional ataupun tiga dimensional.
Pendekatan kuantitatif banyak digunakan dalam analisis data pada domain
spektral. Pendekatan kuantitatif dalam penginderaan jauh optis digolongkan pada
dasar analisis statistik, fisikal, dan hibrid (Liang, 2004). Pendekatan
kuatitatif banyak digunakan seperti dalam spektroskopi kualitas air (Korosov et
al, 2009; Moreno-Madrinan et al, 2010; Gitellson et al, 2011), indeks
kekeringan (Ghulam, 2007; Patel, 2011), suhu permukaan lahan (Weng, 2005;
Kersten, 2011), dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Analisis terhadap data penginderaan jauh
dilakukan dalam dua domain yang berbeda yaitu domain spasial dan domain
spektral. Pada domain spasial analisis data dilakukan dengan cara interpretasi
berbagai unsur informasi visual yang dimunculkan pada data citra tersebut
seperti rona, warna, tekstur, asosiasi, bentuk, ukuran, dan bayangan. Analisis
pada domain spasial banyak dilakukan pada data foto ataupun citra berresolusi
spasial tinggi. Pada domain spektral analisis dilakukan dengan memilih dan
mengolah nilai spektral pada berbagai saluran. Analisis yang dilakukan pada
domain spektral ini menggunakan data citra digital secara multi spektral dan
hiperspektral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">C. Apa dan Bagaimana
Penginderaan Jauh itu ?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dari uraian singkat di atas dapat ditarik
kesimpulan tentang apa (ontologi) dan bagaimana (epistem) dari penginderaan
jauh. Penginderaan jauh adalah <b><i>suatu teknik dan sekaligus ilmu untuk
memperoleh informasi tentang obyek dan berbagai fenomena di muka bumi tanpa
melakukan persinggungan langsung dengan obyek atau fenomena yang dikaji tersebut
dengan menggunakan wahana perekam elektromagnetis</i></b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagai ilmu, penginderaan memiliki
berbagai metode ilmiah dalam perolehan informasi tersebut. Penginderaan jauh
menggunakan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif pada domain spasial dan spektral.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Referensi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adams, J.B., Gillespie, A.R., 2006. <b><i>Remote
Sensing of Landscape with Spectral Images – A Physical Modeling Approach</i></b>.
Cambridge University Press. New York.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Elachi, C., Zyl, V.J. 2006. <b><i>Introduction to the
Physic and Techniques of Remote Sensing</i></b>. John Willey & Sons Inc..
New Jersey.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ghulam A., Qin Q., Zhan Z., 2007. <b><i>Designing of
the Perpendicular Drought Index</i></b>. Eviron Geol. 52: p. 1045-1052. DOI
101007/s00254-006-0544-2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gitelson, A.A., Gurlin, D., Moses, W.J., Yacobi, Y.Z.,
2011. <b><i>Remote estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in Inland,
estuarine, and coastal waters</i></b>. Advance in Environmental Remote Sensing.
439-468.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kersten, Y., Brand, A., Fournier, M., Goudreau, S.,
Kosatsky, T., Maloley, M., Smardiassi, A., 2011. <b><i>Modelling the Variation
of Land Surface Temperature as Determinant of Risk of Heat-Related Health Event</i></b>.
International Journal of Health Geographics. 10;7.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Korosov, A.A., Pozdnyakov, D.V., Folkestad, A.,
Pettersson, L.H., Sorensen, K., Schuman, R., 2009. <b><i>Semi-empirical
algorithm for retrieval of ecology-relevant water constituents in various
aquativ environment</i></b>. Algorithm. 2. 470-497.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Landgrebe, D.A., 2003. <b><i> Signal Theory
Methods In Multispectral Remote Sensing</i></b>. John Willey & Sons Inc..
New Jersey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Liang, S. 2004. <b><i>Quantitative Remote Sensing of
Land Surface</i></b>. John Willey & Sons Inc.. New Jersey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mather, P.M. 2004. <b><i>Computer Processing of
Remotely-Sensed Images An Introduction</i></b>. John Willey & Sons Inc.
Chichester.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Moreno-Madrinan, M., J., Al-Hamdan, M.,Z., Rickman,
D., L., Muller-Krarger, F., E., 2010. <b><i>Using the Surface Reflectance MODIS
Terra Product to Estimate Turbidity in Tampa Bay Florida</i></b>. Remote
Sensing, 2. 2713-2728; doi: 10.3390/rs2122713</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patel, N.R., Parida, B.R., Venus, V., Saha, S.K.,
Dadhwal, V.K., 2011, <b><i>Analysis of Agricultural drought Using Vegetation
Temperatur Condition Index (VTCI) from Terra/MODIS Satellite Data</i></b>,
Environ Monit Asses, DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2487-7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Schowengerdt, R.A., 2007. <b><i>Remote Sensing
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Weng, Q., Yang, S., 2006. <b><i>Urban Air Pollution
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Rees, W., G., 2001. <b><i>Physical Principles of
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